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A mortality prediction model can be a great tool to assist physicians in decision making in the intensive care unit (ICU) in order to ensure optimal allocation of ICU resources according to the patient's health conditions. The entire world witnessed a severe ICU patient capacity crisis a few years ago during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various widely utilized machine learning (ML) models in this research field can provide poor performance due to a lack of proper feature selection. Despite the fact that nature-based algorithms in other sectors perform well for feature selection, no comparative study on the performance of nature-based algorithms in feature selection has been conducted in the ICU mortality prediction field. Therefore, in this research, a comparison of the performance of ML models with and without feature selection was performed. In addition, explainable artificial intelligence (AI) was used to examine the contribution of features to the decision-making process. Explainable AI focuses on establishing transparency and traceability for statistical black-box machine learning techniques. Explainable AI is essential in the medical industry to foster public confidence and trust in machine learning model predictions. Three nature-based algorithms, namely the flower pollination algorithm (FPA), particle swarm algorithm (PSO), and genetic algorithm (GA), were used in this study. For the classification job, the most widely used and diversified classifiers from the literature were used, including logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT) classifier, the gradient boosting (GB) algorithm, and the random forest (RF) algorithm. The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) dataset was used to collect data on heart failure patients. On the MIMIC-III dataset, it was discovered that feature selection significantly improved the performance of the described ML models. Without applying any feature selection process on the MIMIC-III heart failure patient dataset, the accuracy of the four mentioned ML models, namely LR, DT, RF, and GB was 69.9%, 82.5%, 90.6%, and 91.0%, respectively, whereas with feature selection in combination with the FPA, the accuracy increased to 71.6%, 84.8%, 92.8%, and 91.1%, respectively, for the same dataset. Again, the FPA showed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) value of 83.0% with the RF algorithm among all other algorithms utilized in this study. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of feature selection with FPA has a profound impact on the outcome of ML models. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) was used in this study to interpret the ML models. SHAP was used in this study because it offers mathematical assurances for the precision and consistency of explanations. It is trustworthy and suitable for both local and global explanations. It was found that the features that were selected by SHAP as most important were also most common with the features selected by the FPA. Therefore, we hope that this study will help physicians to predict ICU mortality for heart failure patients with a limited number of features and with high accuracy.
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PurposeThis study aims to propose and examine a research model where work engagement mediates the impacts of high-involvement work practices (HIWPs) on bank employees' turnover intentions. Specifically, the paper assesses: (a) the effects of empowerment, information sharing, rewards and training on work engagement and turnover intention, (b) work engagement as a mediator of the effects of these HIWPs on turnover intention (c) and functional competence as a moderator of the effects of these HIWPs on work engagement.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was employed to gather data from 343 employees working in commercial banks in Bangladesh. The authors applied partial least squares structural equation modeling to assess the aforesaid linkages.FindingsEmpowerment and information sharing increase bank employees' work engagement, while training and rewards reduce their proclivity to leave. Work engagement partly mediates the relationships of empowerment and information sharing to turnover intention. Functional competence moderates the relationship between three HIWPs (empowerment, information sharing and rewards) on work engagement.Originality/valueThe paper examines the association between HIWPs and turnover intention, which has been subjected to little empirical inquiry among bank employees during a crisis (e.g. Covid-19 pandemic). The paper provides new insights into the underlying mechanism linking HIWPs and turnover intention and highlights the moderating effect of functional competence. Additionally, the study offers new knowledge on the impact of the pandemic on bank employees' HIWPs. Finally, this paper used data gathered from bank employees in Bangladesh, which is an underrepresented Asian country in the extant service research.
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Background: Telemedicine system enables doctors and patients to communicate while staying afar which can be helpful for areas with lesser health facilities and at times of natural or health disasters. In developing countries like Bangladesh, telemedicine service offers the potential for wider health access and equity if effectively implemented. Therefore, the response and acceptance of care receivers who are the main beneficiaries of the service should be explored. As Dhaka University Telemedicine Programme (DUTP) is a non-profit University project-induced successful telemedicine service in Bangladesh, our study was conducted on the DUTP hotline-based telemedicine programme aimed to explore patients' prior knowledge and response (experience, satisfaction and acceptance) about the service. Method(s): The cross-sectional study was conducted by interviewing 200 participants over the phone with a structured questionnaire to analyze their knowledge and response. Participants were selected by randomization from the patient pool of hotline-based DUTP telemedicine service. The data was analyzed using SPSSv20. Results and discussion: Among the participants, 41% of total participants knew about telemedicine services before COVID-19. Average patient satisfaction was well above moderate level (p-value< 0.01;mean 3.88). 16.5% respondents mentioned about having any problem while availing the service where 'treatment or service related problem' was the most common. Significant association was found between people's 'occupation' and 'knowledge before COVID-19' (p = 0.002) indicating to the probable role of profession or occupation in molding people's health-service related knowledge. Patient-doctor communication ['perception about doctor's adequate evaluation (Q3)' and 'understanding doctor's advice properly (Q4)'] was found to be significantly associated with 'age' and 'location (division)' while most respondents (around 90%) perceived the communication as effective. 'Age' had also an association with 'treatment or service related problem'. 80.5% were willing to take the service in the future even by paying fees. All participants appreciated telemedicine service in general when they were asked about its possible inclusion in mainstream primary healthcare. Conclusion(s): The overall response of patients toward DUTP hotline-based telemedicine, in general, came out to be positive. Concerned authorities and policymakers may exploit this accepting attitude of people toward developing effective telemedicine services in order to ensure wider health and well-being of population.Copyright © 2023 The Authors
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This paper aims at investigating the issues and challenges experienced by remote learning among students of higher education in the Swedish context, during COVID-19. The pandemic influenced the emergence of a new learning context, and the effectiveness of the computer-mediated remote learning from the sudden transition of traditional approaches caused many interesting issues. The empirical part of the study was based on a web-based survey conducted in the middle of 2020, during the pandemic, among 1,767 anonymous students who studied at 30 higher educational institutions in Sweden. The results are presented in line with Zimmerman's (2000) triadic (personal, environmental and behavioral) forms of self-regulation. The survey indicated that the perceived worries students experienced were oriented towards the students' own personal situations and future possibilities, rather than the general state and welfare of global society. The fast transition to online classes and seminars led to many students being worried about their abilities to maintain efficiency in their studies. The findings of this study could provide refined insights on the issues that should be in mind when formulating strategies for effective remote learning in such a changing environment during a crisis period, not only in Sweden but also in some international contexts. © 2023 Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0
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Bangladesh is a lower-middle-income country with a high burden of mental health conditions and inadequate health systems. Prior research in similar settings has found that training physicians in mental health literacy can contribute to reducing the mental health treatment gap and strengthening the mental health care pathway. This study explores the need for mental health training for physicians by gathering stakeholders' perspectives and proposes recommendations for designing a mental training program in the context of Bangladesh. Key informant interviews were conducted among psychiatrists (n = 9), and mental health entrepreneurs (n = 7);one focus group discussion was conducted with psychologists (n = 8);and one-on-one interviews were held with physician (n = 17). Due to the COVID-19 restrictions, all interviews were conducted online, recorded and transcribed. Transcriptions were analyzed thematically, utilizing both an inductive and deductive approach. The data analysis from forty-one stakeholders generated three major themes and eight subthemes. Stakeholders perceived that the inadequate mental health system and low mental health awareness among physicians significantly contribute to the mental health treatment gaps. Stakeholders emphasized the need to include mental health training for physicians to increase skills related to identification and management of mental health conditions. Stakeholders suggested some basic components for the training content, feasible modalities to deliver the training, and implementation challenges. Recommendations included utilizing online training, ensuring interesting and practical content, and incorporating certification systems. At a systems level, stakeholders recommended including a mental health curriculum in undergraduate medical education, capacity building of other healthcare workers and increasing awareness at the policy level. There is clear agreement among stakeholders that implementing mental health training for physicians will promote universal health coverage and reduce the mental health treatment gap in Bangladesh. These findings can support creation of policies to strengthen the care pathway in countries with limited resources.Copyright © 2022 The Authors
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of indirect positive health outcomes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: This was a systematic review. METHODS: Articles were identified from four online databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar) using predetermined search terms. After studies were systematically identified, the results were summarised narratively. The indirect positive health outcomes associated with the emergence of COVID-19 and measures taken for its prevention were categorised into four health dimensions (physical, mental, social and digital). RESULTS: After initial screening, 44 articles were assessed for eligibility, and 33 were included in the final sample. Of the included studies, 72.73% noted a benefit from COVID-19 prevention measures in the physical health dimension. In addition, 12.12%, 9.09%, 3.03% and 3.03% of articles reported a positive impact in the digital, mental, social and combined digital and mental health dimensions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the catastrophic health, socio-economic and political crises associated with the COVID-19 emergency, it has also resulted in some positive health outcomes. Reduced air pollutants, improved disease prevention practices, increased digital health delivery and improved mental and social health dimensions were reported during the pandemic. Integrated and collaborative activities for the persistence of these health benefits are recommended.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics/prevention & control , Mental Health , Delivery of Health Care , Outcome Assessment, Health CareABSTRACT
Bangladesh registered 20,117,32 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the death toll crossed the grim milestone of 29,323 across the country as of August 31st, 2022. Despite the enforcement of stringent COVID-19 measures, the country witnessed an accelerated diffusion of coronavirus cases during the national events, inclusive of short festivals, in 2020. The present study aims to examine the association between these national holidays and the COVID-19 trasmission rate in Bangladesh. We employed a mathematical model and calculated the instantaneous reproduction number, Rt, of the 64 districts in Bangladesh to check the dynamics of COVID-19 diffusion. The comprehensive analysis shows a notable escalation of Rt value and thus the enhanced transmission rate in Dhaka and in all industrialized cities during the major events such as, garments reopening and religious holidays in Bangladesh. We further showcase the COVID-19 diffusion explicitly in Dhaka Division at the first phase of the pandemic in Bangladesh. Based on our analysis, a set of measures, including restricted public mobility and the celebration of festivals, alongside improving the public's awareness of the situation, has been recommended to evade the future pandemic risks while running the national festival activities in Bangladesh. © 2023, Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama. All rights reserved.
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The ongoing pandemic of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has created a major challenge for the public health worldwide. The reported cases indicate that the outbreak is more widespread than initially assumed. Around 18 million people have been infected with 689,000 reported deaths (August 2020;the number is increasing daily);with a high mutation rate, this virus poses an even more serious threat worldwide. The actual source of COVID-19 is still un-clear;even if the initial reports link it to the Chinese seafood wet market in Wuhan, other animals such as birds, snakes, and many small mammals including bats are also linked with this novel coro-navirus. The structure of the COVID-19 shows distinctive proteins among which spike proteins have a pivotal role in host cell attachment and virus-cell membrane fusion in order to facilitate virus infection. Currently, no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is available. Various drug can-didates, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV protease inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, ACE2 inhibitors and lungs supportive therapy, are under trials. Cell-based therapy also appeared with remarkable treatment possibilities. In this article, we endeavored to succinctly cover the current and available treatment options, including pharmaceuticals, cell-based therapy, and traditional medicine. We also focused on the extent of damages by this novel coron-avirus in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh;the strategies adopted and the research activities initiat-ed so far by these densely populated countries (neighboring China) are explained in this review.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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The objective of this study was to examine the levels and determinants of knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 among adult people in Bangladesh, using data from an online survey, conducted in May 2021. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were performed to extract findings from data. The survey covered 993 respondents. A high level (78.4%) of effective knowledge and positive attitude (78.6%) were observed among the Bangladeshi people. More than eighty percent of the respondents could correctly mention at least one important symptom, mode of transmission, and preventive measures of COVID-19. Good knowledge and positive attitudes were found to be significantly higher among males, living in Dhaka city, having a higher level of education, health professionals, and the wealthiest people. Knowledge about COVID-19 has significant association with positive attitude of people towards COVID-19. Despite the high level of knowledge and positive attitudes, there still prevails some misconceptions among a group of people, as one-third of the respondents opined that COVID-19 is a divine punishment and 13% were in favor of keeping it secrete if COVID-19 infection happen to them. The findings underscore the need for more educational program and behavior change communication (BCC) for the subgroups of the population that has been identified with poor knowledge and negative attitudes towards COVID-19. © 2023, Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama. All rights reserved.
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PurposeThis study aims to explore the challenges in implementing and sustaining lean in garment supplier factories and the buyer-supplier role in mitigating lean barriers in a typical situation and pandemic. Design/methodology/approachFollowing a qualitative research approach and multiple embedded case study method, data were collected through in-depth interviews with senior managers of one lead buyer and their four key garment supplier factories in Bangladesh. Within and cross-case analysis, techniques were applied to understand the context-oriented lean challenges and buyer-supplier role in mitigating the challenges. FindingsThe study findings demonstrate that garment suppliers are less prepared and unsystematic in lean implementation having limited capabilities and less preparation. Moreover, they have limited support from buyers, less commitment from top management and employee resistance to implementing lean. Lean challenges become more intense because of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, buyer-supplier responsible, cooperative and collaborative behaviour can mitigate lean challenges. Research limitations/implicationsWhereas many stakeholders may be responsible for lean challenges, this study explores dyadic role between buyer and supplier only based on a single lead buyer and their four suppliers. Hence future studies could consider more buyers and suppliers for a holistic understanding. Practical implicationsThis study could help buyers and suppliers understand the underlying causes of lean implementation challenges in garment supplier factories and their role in sustaining lean reducing the challenges, particularly in a pandemic. Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, for the first time, this study depicts how buyer and supplier can play their due roles to mitigate lean challenges in garment supplier factories in a pandemic situation.
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Background: The purpose of the study was to outline the genomic and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in South Asian countries as well as the diagnosis, treatments, and prevention approaches undertaken by these countries to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: We searched electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus as well as various national and international COVID-19 websites, WHO databases, and electronic media. 63 articles were included from databases and 34 articles from various other sources.Results: Scientists observed genomic variations including common mutations in ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF3a, and S genes, while several unique mutations exist in most isolates from these countries. Demographic analysis showed that the majority of infected individuals were male and younger adults (20e40 years). India had the highest number of deaths and incidents while Afghanistan had the highest fatality rate (4.37%). Various molecular assays including rRT-PCR, antigen and antibody-based assays have been developed and pre-existing treatments have been used to combat the pandemic. Although every country tried to implement imperative preventive measures along with vaccination drives, many of them still face grave repercussions due to impoverished health systems, underdeveloped infrastructures, and improvident government policies.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first review appraising various features of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 that persists in South Asia and strategies undertaken by the countries to tackle the disease. This review will facilitate timely interventions for future novel outbreaks in the region.
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The educational sector of Bangladesh is severely affected due to the sudden outbreak of novel Corona virus (COVID-19). Bangladesh which is one of the densely populated countries has a significant improvement in the education sector along with the others in last some decades but this pandemic has played a serious setback to almost all the sectors of this small country. As all the educational institutes of Bangladesh are closed since 17th March 2020 till 30th June 14, 2021 and this may lead to many detrimental effects. To measure these, a survey was conducted and collected data was analyzed by SPSS Statistics v 25.0. This paper highlighted the mental stress, socio-economic crisis of the students that badly affected their education. It is observed in this study that around 80% of the students are going through mental stress particularly for internet facilities and financial crisis in pandemic period.
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The rapid pace of progress in the Islamic financial market and investment space, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath and recovery, has provided the necessary challenges to build a strong case for Islamic investment. This timely and unique book focuses on the foundations of Islamic financial markets and institutions in the context of various products, their market application, Islamic asset management, and regulation. The authors provide a thorough overview of Islamic financing instruments and markets, such as Islamic debt and equity markets, through shares and the stock market, mutual funds, private equity, lease financing, Sukuk, green Sukuk, money market instruments, exchange-traded funds, cryptocurrencies, derivatives and so forth, which have emerged as alternative sources of financing. They offer insight into the numerous infrastructure institutions which have sprung up since the first decade of the new century, such as the Accounting and Auditing Organizations for Islamic Financial Institutions, Islamic Financial Services Board, Islamic International Rating Agency, and International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation, as well as those being established, to satisfy different industry needs. With its uniquely competitive approach to the mainstream financial market, this book facilitates a greater understanding of the concept of Islamic investment. Through a discussion of the current state and future prospects of Islamic financial markets, the book's theoretical and practical approach offers academic, practitioners, researchers, students, and general readers a well-balanced overview of Islamic financial markets, its ethics, Shari'ah foundation, the instruments and operational mechanism used by Islamic capital, money, and debt markets. © 2023 Abul Hassan.
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The current corona pandemic divided both the health care service infrastructure and patients into two categories: Covid and non-Covid. Both in the health care system and research world, the COVID-19 cases are given utmost priority for all the right reasons. In this study we attempted to understand the challenges faced by the non-Covid patients, particularly from the poor communities, who suffer from multiple deprivations. This study is based on survey of 88 non-Covid patient households in Murshidabad, West Bengal carried out in June 2020. The results show that the majority of the non-Covid patients were not able to access public health care due to lockdown which, in turn, results in increasing out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on both medical and non-medical heads (like transportation). This OOPE aggravated the plight of the household more intensely when income of the household suffered severely due to the lockdown. To meet the household expenditure including OOPE households had to come under the clutch of money lenders mortgaging their small piece of agriculture land and gold-ornaments, and selling assets, and draining out their savings. Women from poor households tend to become ‘triple-deprived’ due to unequal sharing of poverty and with their meagre assets mortgaged. This piece of work may add to the insights to multi-dimensional deprivations of people during calamity like the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Indranil De, Soumyadip Chattopadhyay, Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan, and Kingshuk Sarkar;individual chapters, the contributors.
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The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is more highly transmissible and causes a higher mortality rate compared to the other eleven variants despite the high vaccination rate. The Omicron variant also establishes a local infection at the extrathoracic airway level. For better health risk assessment of the infected patients, it is essential to understand the transport behavior and the toxicity of the Omicron variant droplet deposition in the extrathoracic airways, which is missing in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to develop a numerical model for the Omicron droplet transport to the extrathoracic airways and to analyze that transport behavior. The finite volume method and ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2 solver were used for the numerical simulation. The Lagrangian approach, the discrete phase model, and the species transport model were employed to simulate the Omicron droplet transport and deposition. Different breathing rates, the mouth and nose inhalation methods were employed to analyze the viral toxicity at the airway wall. The results from this study indicated that there was a 33% of pressure drop for a flow rate at 30 l/min, while there was only a 3.5% of pressure drop for a 7.5 l/min. The nose inhalation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron droplets is significantly more harmful than through the mouth due to a high deposition rate at the extrathoracic airways and high toxicity in the nasal cavities. The findings of this study would potentially improve knowledge of the health risk assessment of Omicron-infected patients. Published under a nonexclusive license by AIP Publishing.
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The motivation behind conducting this research is to study the association between oil prices and Islamic and conventional stock indexes’ performance in the Malaysian market during COVID-19 using the wavelet analysis technique. The daily data on selected variables were collected from 1 January 2020, to 10 June 2021. Empirical investigation was made with wavelet analysis along with the Toda-Yamamoto test. The results revealed the significant response of both indexes to the oil price. Such response was negative for the short- and medium terms;however, it became positive in the long run. Our research has several important implications and recommendations for asset managers and policymakers. Policymakers and regulators should promote awareness and adopt effective action plans to minimize the risk of change in oil prices during the COVID-19 period. This research will enable investors, scholars, and policymakers to improve their current structure and prepare them for any potential future crisis. Copyright © 2022 Khan, Sharif, Islam, Ali, Fareed and Zulfaqar.
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The COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh tells us that economic activities and alternative livelihoods have been disturbed. There are challenges in the areas of equitable distribution of resources and providing economic support to the disadvantaged groups (cash and kind support, food supports, social safety net). This research explores the short term livelihood coping strategies to respond to and recover from COVID-19 with a special focus on socio-demography, socio-economy, food security, and health aspect. As the crisis develops, future rounds of representative monitoring data on the same respondents will help us understand the evolving impacts and potential recovery. © 2022 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to present a better understanding of the specialized telehealth service in Bangladesh from the service provider and service recipients by aged people METHOD: Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data from Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients. Data were collected by online telephone interviewing with an interview schedule. A total of 100 aged people with diabetes were selected purposively for a quantitative interview and 10 In-depth Interviews (IDIs) & Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted. RESULT: The majority of patients aged was between 61 to 68 years with a mean age of 63.6 +/- 7.01years. The difference of age of DM patients by sex was found statistically significant (x2 = 39.49, df = 31;Cramer's V = .032;P=<.003). The main source of information about digital health was: relatives (55%), neighbors (31%), television (12%), newspaper (10%), social media (9%), and healthcare providers (6%). Strong relationship was found between age of respondents and sources of information (x2= 77.08;Cramer's V= .032, df = 13;Sig;P= < .009). About 59% of DM patients were benefited from telehealth services during COVID-19, however;they encountered some difficulties like effective access to digital technology, cost, and diagnosis facilities. About 83% of respondents suggest formalizing community engagement programs to extend the digital health services during a health emergency. The common barriers to the engagement of community people in digital health care are lack of social awareness, lack of peer group support, and gender disparities. Poor counseling, language barrier, bad internet signal, and lack of family members' support were the key barriers during teleconsultation services. CONCLUSION: Telehealth has the potential to address critical health issues of aged people and effective community engagement may be the best option to reach older people with diabetes in Bangladesh during any health emergency.
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Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the problem much more. There is a high risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 among patients having lung cancer. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking for early symptoms of lung cancer in Bangladeshi people. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 744 randomly selected respondents from eight different administrative regions of Bangladesh between June and August 2021. A structured questionnaire was used covering socio-demographic characteristics of the participants including their knowledge, attitudes, and participant's risk about lung cancer to accomplish our aim and objectives. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with the knowledge and awareness of lung cancer. Result: Of the 744 participants, 90.3% (672/744) reported to have heard about lung cancer. A total of 17 participants were identified as lung cancer patients. Being a smoker (96.7%) and unexplained shortness of breath (92.6%) were identified as the most common risk factor and symptoms of lung cancer respectively. Among the socio-demographic variables, the level of education of the respondents was identified as an independent predictor for both knowledge (p<0.001) and awareness (p<0.001) about lung cancer. Smoking status was significantly associated with the participant's awareness of lung cancer (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although most participants were knowledgeable about smoking as a major risk factor, it was not proportional to their actions to stop smoking. This study highlights the importance of raising awareness and enhancing positive steps to avoid modified risk factors or even encourage early testing for lung cancer.